The late 19th century in Assam witnessed significant agrarian uprisings fueled by colonial exploitation. These revolts — the Phulguri Uprising (1861), Rangia Uprising (1893-94), and Patharughat Uprising (1894) — were pivotal moments in the region’s resistance against oppressive British policies. Here’s an in-depth look at these events, their causes, and their impact.
Table of Contents
1. The Phulguri Uprising (1861)
Overview
Known as the Phulagurir Dhawa in Assamese lore, this was the first popular uprising in Assam against colonial policies.
Causes
- Ban on opium cultivation: A significant blow to local farmers who relied on it for livelihood.
- Increased land revenue: Strained the already burdened agrarian community.
- Rumors of new taxes: A potential tax on tamul (areca nut) and pan (betel vine) caused widespread unrest.
Key Events
- Initial Protest:
- In September 1861, about 1,500 peasants gathered at the Sadar Court in Nogaon, demanding the reversal of the poppy cultivation ban. The Deputy Commissioner, Lt. Herbert Sconce, ignored their plea.
- Raij-Mel at Phulguri:
- A five-day public assembly began on October 15, with 1,000-3,000 peasants, many armed with bamboo sticks (lathis).
- When Assistant Commissioner Lt. Singer attempted to disperse the crowd, a scuffle ensued. Singer was killed, and his body was thrown into the Kalang River.
- British Retaliation:
- Armed forces fired on the protesters, killing several and injuring many others.
2. The Rangia Uprising (1893-94)
Overview
This rebellion was a direct response to increased revenue demands and the imposition of government-controlled opium distribution.
Causes
- Revenue Hike: Farmers were unable to bear the rising tax burdens.
- Controlled Opium Supply: Farmers protested against restrictions on traditional practices.
Key Events
- Looting of Rangia Bazar (December 24, 1893):
- Protesters attacked and looted the market to express their dissatisfaction.
- Mass Protest (January 10, 1894):
- A large crowd armed with clubs gathered near Rangia police station, shouting slogans against the revenue hike.
- Protesters attempted to free arrested leaders but were met with police gunfire.
3. The Patharughat Uprising (1894)
Overview
The most tragic of the agrarian uprisings, the Patharughat Revolt (Patharughat Rann) saw significant loss of life in Darrang district.
Key Events
- Assembly of Farmers:
- Around 2,000 peasants gathered in front of the rest house of Anderson, the Deputy Commissioner of Darrang, to voice their grievances against increased taxes.
- Protest and Police Action:
- Farmers threw sticks and clods of earth at the officials.
- The police opened fire, killing 15 farmers and severely injuring many more.
4. Impact of the Uprisings
- Awakening Local Resistance:
- These uprisings highlighted the grievances of the rural population and inspired further anti-British sentiments.
- Foundation for National Movements:
- The sacrifices of these farmers became a symbol of resistance during the Indian freedom struggle.
- Policy Revisions:
- The British administration was forced to reconsider its oppressive revenue and taxation policies in Assam.
5. Conclusion
The agrarian uprisings of Assam between 1861 and 1900 — Phulguri, Rangia, and Patharughat — were not mere isolated incidents but a testament to the spirit of resistance against colonial exploitation. These revolts remain etched in Assam’s history as examples of bravery, resilience, and the quest for justice.
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